1)人称代词：
人称代词分主格和宾格两种，前者在句子中担任主语，后者担任动词或介词的宾语。They study German. / Please pass me the ruler.
①人称代词的用法：
a.当代词成对地使用或一个代词与一个名词搭配使用时，两个部分的句法功能必须一致。Li Hong and I went shopping yesterday.
It was our teacher who smoothed away the difference between you and me.
注:人称代词的排列一般为：第二人称，第三人称，第一人称。
you, he and I them and us
如有其他代词时，其他代词排列于人称代词之后，如：he, I and some others
b.人称代词用作表语时，如说明主语，一般要用主格，如说明宾语则要用宾格。
If I were she, I would take your advice.
I would share the room with you if you were him.
②"It"的用法。
a.用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物。
Where is the cat? It’s in the kitchen.
Jack is ill. Have you heard about it?
My book is missing. I can’t find it anywhere.
b.用以代替指示代词this, that。
What’s this? -- It’s a frog. /Whose pen is that? -- It’s mine.
c.表示时间，天气，距离等。
A lovely day, isn’t it? /It’s two o’clock.
It’s about two li from here to our school.
d.用作形式主语，形式宾语，代替不定式短语，动名词或从句。
It’s no use talking with him about that.
It took me twenty minutes to get there.
We think it important that college students should master at least one foreign language.
e.用在强调结构中。为了强调句子的某一成分（通常是主语，宾语或状语），常用强调结构"It is (was) + 被强调成分 + that(或who)…"。
It was Liu Ming that I saw in the street this morning.
It was in the classroom that he told me about it.
2)不定代词：
①all / both
a.both用于两个人或事物，all用于两个以上的人或事物，均可作主语。
All (of us) like fruits. /Both (of them) are good at English.
b.用作同位语。作主语同位语时须注意它们的位置不同，位于行为动词之前；位于be动词之后。
They all (或both) agreed with me. /They are all (或both) very healthy.
I know them all (或both).
②one / it（人称代词）
one 代替可数名词，表示上面所提到的那一类人或物中的一个，其复数形式带定语时用ones，不带定语时用some。而it则用于指代上文提到的那个表示物的名词本身，既可指单数可数名词也可指不可数名词。
I don’t have a watch but I’m going to buy one（或some）.
I have a bicycle. My aunt gave it to me.
③no one / none
no one 只用于指人，而none 既可指人也可指物。如果说"若干人（物）之中一个也不"，用"none of",后接复数名词时，谓语可以用复数，也可用单数；后接不可数名词时，谓语用单数。如：
No one told me that he had gone to Shanghai.
None of them have（或has）arrived yet.（不用no one）
None of the money is mine.
④some / any /no /every +（thing, one, body等。）
some 类用于肯定句，any类用于否定和疑问句。
I know nothing of what had happened to him.
I have little rice, so I can’t lend you any.
She is going to buy some new dresses.
注:everyone和every one前者意思是"每个人"，与everybody同义，后面不可跟of短语，后者意思是每个人或物，后面跟of短语。
试比较：
everyone in the classroom（教室里的所有的人）
every one of the children（这些孩子中的每一个）
every one of the books（这些书中的每一本）
⑤部分否定与全部否定：
当all, both, each和every(body, thing)等表示整体意义的代词与否定词连用时，一般只表示部分否定，如果表示全部否定，应该用none, no one, neither, nobody, nothing等.
All of the students were not late for the class. 不是所有学生上课都迟到的。
(现代英语中常写成：Not all the students were late for the class.）
None of the students were late for the class.没有一个学生上课迟到的。
3)疑问代词：
用于构成特殊疑问句，其中what, which, whose兼有形容词特征，可以和名词连用。
What job do you want to find? /Whose girl is she?
Which subject is your best one?
所有疑问代词都可以起名词作用，在句子中担任成分。
Who told you? /Whom are you waiting for?
Whose are those books?
在学习疑问代词时，对以下几组词注意区别：
1 which和what
两者均可与名词连用，就人或物提问。但是which一般用于有一定选择范围的情况，what用于无选择范围或究竟是什么还不清楚的情况。
Which colour do you like-green, red, yellow or brown?
What colour is her dress?
What writers do you like best?
6 which和who 两者都可作代词，它们的区别是不管选择的范围是大还是小，which一般用作指物。
Which would you like to eat -steak or fish?
Who won the game -Smith or Johnson ?
当有一定选择范围时，which one代替who作宾语.
Which one do you like better, your mother or your father?
Which of可和人称代词或指人的名词连用,如：
Which of you has taken away my English book?
4)连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever等，除起连接作用外，还可以在从句中担当主语，宾语，定语，表语等成分。如：
The question is who can operate the new machine.（引导表语从句--作主语）
They asked whose idea this was.（引导宾语从句--作定语）
When you are older, you can watch whatever programme you like.
（引导宾语从句--作定语）
I’ll give my ticket to whoever wants it.
（这里whoever可看成"anyone who"，or"the person who"）.
试完成下列高考(06年前)单项选择题：
1.We couldn’t eat in a restaurant because _______ of us had ______ money on us.
A.all, no B.any, no C.none, any D.no one, any
2.Few pleasures can equal ______ of a cool drink on a hot day.
A.some B.any C.that D.those
3.I read about it in some book or other, does it matter _____ it was?
A.where B.what C.how D.which
4.The Parkers bought a new house, but _____ will need a lot of work before they can move in.
A.they B.it C.one D.which
5.I agree with most of what you said, but I don’t agree with ______.
A.everything B.anything C.something D.nothing
(答案1-----5 C C D B A )
高考题选：
1. Was it during the Second World War _____he died? (MET88)
A．that B. while C. in which D. then
2. Is _____necessary to take off our shoes when we enter the lab? (MET88H)
A．everyone B. this C. her D. it
3．Is _____possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship? (MET88)
A．now B. that C. it D. man
4．His Parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone _____family was poor．(MET88)
A．of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose
5．_____leaves the room last ought to turn off the light． (MET88)
A．Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who
6．_____writer is better known in China，Charcles Dickens or Mark Twain? (MET88)
A．Which B. What C. Either D. Whether
7．---Have you seen Tom and Mary? ---I haven’ t seen _____of them．(MET88)
A．neither B. any C. either D. all
8．Is _____necessary to complete the design before National Day? (MET89)
A．this B. that C. it D. he
9．All _____is needed is a supply of oil．(MET89)
A．the thing B. that C. what D. which
10．His camera is more expensive than ______．(MET89)
A．hers B. her C. it D. its
11．I don’t think _____possible to master a foreign language without much memory work．(MET90)
A．this B. that C. its D. it
12．______of them knew about the plan because it was kept in a secret．(MET90)
A．Each B. Any C. No one D. None
13．He paid the boy ﹩10 for washing ten windows，most of _____hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year．(MET90)
A．these B. those C. that D. which
14．Kate and her sister went to holiday with a cousin of _____．(MET90)
A．their B. theirs C. her D. hers
15．I invited Tom and Ann to dinner，but _____of them came．(NMET91)
A．neither B. both C. either D. none
16．She heard a terrible noise，_____brought her heart into her mouth．(MET91)
A．it B. which C. this D. that
17．We couldn’t eat in a restaurant because _____of us had _____money on us．(MET91)
A．all; no B. any; no C. none; any D. no one; any
18．These plants are watered _____．(NMET91)
A．each other day B. every other day C. each of two days D. every of two days
19．Alice received an invitation from her boss，_____came as a surprise．(NMET91)
A．it B. that C. which D. he
20．Does _____matter if he can’t finish the job on time?
A．this B. that C. he D. it
21．Mr．Zhang gave the textbooks to all the pupils except _____who had already taken them．(NMET92)
A．the ones B. ones C. some D. the others
22．There’re so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind _____to buy． (NMET92)
A．what B. which C. how D. where
23．Although he’s wealthy，he spends _____ on clothes．(NME792)
A．little B. few C. a little D. a few
24．In the dark street，there wasn’t a single person _____ she could turn for help．(NMET92)
A．that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
25．_____he said at the meeting astonished everybody present．(NMET93)
A．What B. That C. The fact D. The matter
26．---Would you like some wine? ---Yes，just _____．(NMET93)
A．little B．very little C．a little D．little bit
27．Tom’s mother kept telling him that he should work harder，but _____didn’t help．(NMET93)
A．he B．which C．she D．it
28．---Is _____here? ---No，Bob and Tim have asked for leave．(NMET93)
A．anybody B．somebody C．everybody D．nobody
29．---Is your camera like Bill’s and Ann’s? ---No，but it’s almost the same as _____．(NMET94)
A．her B．yours C．them D．their
30．The weather turned out to be very good， _____was more than we could expect．(NMET94)
A．what B．which C．that D．it
31．_____is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language．(NMET95)
A．There B．This C．That D．It
32．They were very tired，but _____of them would stop to take a rest．(NMET95)
A．any B．some C．none D．neither
33．I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have _____．(NMET95)
A．it B．those C．them D．one
34．---When shall we meet again? --Make it _____day you like; it’s all the same to me．(NMET96)
A．one B．any C．another D．some
35．Tom felt that he knew everybody’s business better than they knew it _____．(NMET96 )
A．themselves B．oneself C．itself D．himself
36．I agree with most of what you said，but I don’t agree with _____．(NMET97)
A．everything B．anything C．something D．nothing
37．Sarah has read lots of stories by American writers，Now she would like to read_____stories
by writers from _____ countries．(NMET97)
A．some; any B．other; some C．some; other D．other; other
38．It was about 600 years ago _____ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made．(NMET97)
A．that B．until C．before D．when
39．I hate _____when people talk with their mouths full．(NMET98)
A．it B．that C．these D．them
40．Dr．Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge．I can’t remember _____．(NMET98)
A．where B．there C．which D．hat
41．Why do you want a new job _____you’ve got such a good one already? (NMET98)
A．that B．where C．which D．when
42．It was only when I reread his poems recently _____I began to appreciate their beauty．(NMET98)
A．until B．that C．then D．so
43．Few pleasures can equal _____of a cool drink on a hot day．(NMET99)
A．some B．any C．that D．those
44． If you want to change for a double--room you’ll have to pay _____15 yuan．(NMET2000 )
A．another B．other C．more D．each
45．---Why don’t we take a little break? ---Didn’t we just have _____? (NMET2000)
A．it B．that C．one D．this
46．It is the ability to do the job _____matters not where you come from or what you are．(NMET2000 )
A．one B．that C．what D．it
47．If this dictionary is not yours，_____can it be? (NMET2001)
A．what else B．who else C．which else’s D．who else’s
48．Many people have helped with canned food，however，the food bank needs _____for the poor．(2001春招)
A．more B．much C．many D．most
49．The Parkers bought a new house but _____will need a lot of work before they can move in．(NMET2001)
A．they B．it C．one D． which
50．---He was nearly drowned once.（2002春招）
---When was _____?
---_____was in 1998 when he was in middle school.
A. that; it B. this; this C. this; it D. that; this
高考题选：
1．A 这是一个强调句式的一般疑问句。
2．D it是形式主语，to不定式是真正主语。
3．C 参看2题。
4．D family与先行词anyone之间是所属关系。
5．C 在主语从句中，whoever充当主语，指代人，相当于anyone who。而C项who也可引导名词性从句，但它具体指"是谁"。
6．A 特殊疑问句中的选择，用which。
7．C 前一句只提到两个人。neither，either，both仅用于表述两者的情况，而any，all表述多者的情况，且I haven’t seen either of them相当于I have seen neither of them。
8．C 可参看2、3题。
9．B all是先行词，that 引导定语从句，且all that=what。
10．A His camera是句子的主语，也是信息词，应填名词性的物主代词hers，它相当于her camera。
11．D it是形式宾语，to master…是真正宾语。此句还可说成I don’t think it is possible to…。可参看2、3、8题。
12．D A、B项不符合句意。C项no one后不接of短语。
13．D which是定语从句中的关系代词，指代上文的windows。A、B、C项不能引导定语从句，且填进去后，两个分句缺少连词。
14．B 可参看10题。
15．A 前文提到邀请两个人，两个人都没来，故用neither参看7题。
16．B which引导非限定性定语从句。which指代前面一句话。如果两个分句是由and连接，则A、C、D项也对。
17．C A项中的all放在否定句中，是部分否定，与上文we couldn’t eat in a restaurant矛盾，B项不符语法，n项no one后不接of短语，且只指代人。
18．B every other day每隔一天，是习惯用法。
19．C which在非限定性定语从句中指代前面一句话。可参看16题。
20．D 考生非常熟悉It doesn’t matter这一句型，该题现在是一般疑问句，it是matter的主语，if引导条件状语从句。
21．A C、D项不能做定语从句的先行词来指代上文的the pupils，只能用the ones，因为它被限定性定语从句所修饰，表特指。该句的意思是："张先生把教科书分给了所有的学生，那些已经拿走了的学生除外。"
22．B 原题中的so many kinds of tape-recorders暗示考生要买的是录音机，故排除A项。因为有这么多种类，因此不能决定买哪个。C、D项是连接副词，不能做buy的宾语。
23．A B、D项应排除，它们指代可数名词的复数。全句意为："虽然他很富有，但很少花钱买衣服。"故C项不符句意。
24．D turn at sb．for help是惯用法，在定语从句中把to提前与whom构成介词十关系代词。
25．A 主语从句中缺少宾语，故what充当。
26．C 原题中的答语Yes暗示考生应选表示肯定意义的a little．A、B项表示否定意义。
27．D it指代前面一句话。因有but，故前后为并列句，不用关系代词(which)只用代词it。
28．C Is everybody here?"都到齐了吗"，Is anybody here?"这里有人吗?"B项some body可用在表示征求对方意见，并希望得到对方肯定回答的问句里。D项不符原题句意。
29．B 参看10、14题。
30．B 参看16、19题。
31．D it是形式主语，that从句是真正主语。如果fact前有the修饰，就可选B或C项，that引导同位语从句。
32．C but是关键词，表转折，该句意为"他们非常疲劳，但没有一个人愿意停下来休息一会儿。"
33．D one指代one of the glasses，且each一词是信息词。该句意思是："我希望有足够的玻璃杯，以便每位客人有一个"。
34．B one day表示"某一天"，可用在一般过去时，当它用在将来时的句中时，可与some day互换。another day指另一天。原题中的It’s all the same to me和you like是信息句，可暗示考生，只能选any day，即"你喜欢定在哪天都行，或随便哪一天都行。"
35．A themselves；是they的反身代词。
36．A 从上文"我同意你说的大部分，"可知，下文应填everything表示部分否定。B项填入后该句为全否定。C项不用在否定句中。D项填入后，该句成为肯定句。故B、C、D项是错误的。
37．C 从上文"Sarah已经读了许多美国作家写的故事"，可知，下文是"她现在想读一些由别的国家的作家写的故事"。A项中any用在肯定句中表示"任何一个"，与后面的countries不符。B、D项不符原句的逻辑。
38．A 这是一个强调句式。如果把It was…that去掉，该句子意思完整。不缺任何成份。
39．A 该题考查it作形式宾语的用法。四个选项均为代词，只有it作先行代词时，本身没有具体意义，而只是帮助把真正的宾语移到后部去。句中it的作用是代替它后面的宾语从句when people talk with their mouths full，故正确答案为A。
40．C 该题考查在省略的宾语从句中连接代词的用法。A、B项为副词，不可作及物动词remember的宾语，应先排除。指某一范围的"哪一个"需用连接代词which，前一个分句中的from either Oxford or Cambridge已限定了范围，故答案选C。
41．D 该题考查引导从句的关系联词的用法。that和which作为关系代词引导定语句必须在从句中充当某一成份；where作关系副词引导定语从句在从句中作状语，先行词必须是表示地点的名词，故应排除A、B、C。由题于中从句与主句所表示的逻辑关系考虑，此空应填表示因果关系的从属连词when，这时when=since；for，意为"由于"、"既然"，答案为D。
42．B 该句考查强调结构。"It+be+被强调部分+that从句"是it的强调句型，如果强调的是时间、地点、原因等状语，别后面接that引导的从句，而不能用when，where，because等词来引导，因此答案为B。再如：
It was when I was thirty--five that I got married and had a family．
It was when we got to the station that it began to rain．参看1题。
43．C 该题考查不定代词的替代用法。在进行比较时要用同类的事物相比，排除A、B。按照英语习惯用法，that可以代替一个单数名词或一个不可数名词，以避免重复前面提到过的名词。that前面没有任何修饰词，后面的介词主要是of。由空白后表示所属关系的语境可以确定此空应填that，代替pleasure，故答案选C。
44．A another在此足不定代词，意为"再…个"，pay to another 15元。意为"再付15元。more应放在15元之后。
45．C one不定代词指代上文的break。
46．B It is…that为强调结构。
47．D 根据句意，"不是你的，可能是另外谁的呢?"所以答案是D。
48．A 根据句意，"还再需要一些"，故选A。
49．B 代替the new house。
50．A。
